Friday, February 22, 2013

Small piece



Now the little dwarf was getting their dinner ready, and he brought their food upon seven little plates, and their drink in seven little glasses, and set them upon the table, and out of each little plate their sister ate a small piece, and out of each little glass she drank a small drop; but she let the ring that she had brought with her fall into the last glass.

Nothing but a signal interposition of Providence could have preserved us from being bitten by them, or perishing either by weariness or thirst, for sometimes we were a long time without water, and had nothing to support our strength in this fatigue but a little honey, and a small piece of cows' flesh dried in the sun. At times he would tear off a small piece, and holding it between his paws, and retaining his sedentary position, would feed himself with it, after the fashion of a monkey.

Wednesday, August 1, 2012

Lisp in Small Pieces

Lisp in Small Pieces (Cambridge University Press, 1996 ISBN 0-521-56247-3; paperback edition (December 4, 2003) ISBN 0-521-54566-8; translated by Kathleen Callaway) is a book by Christian Queinnec on Lisp, Scheme and other related dialects, their interpretation, semantics, and compilation and contains code for 11 interpreters and 2 compilers.

The English title is a recursive acronym (Lisp in Small Pieces). It was originally published in French by Interéditions with the title Les Langages Lisp. The revised edition bears the title Principes d'implantation de Scheme et Lisp.

Monday, August 22, 2011

Ceratozamia


Ceratozamia is a genus of New World cycads in the family Zamiaceae. The genus contains 16-18 currently living species and one or two fossil species. Most species are endemic to mountainous areas of Mexico, while C. robusta extends into the mountains of Guatemala and Belize. The genus name comes from the Greek ceras, meaning horn, which refers to the paired, spreading horny projections on the male and female sporophylls of all species. Many species have extremely limited ranges, and almost all described species are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. Illegal plant poaching has posed a major threat to Ceratozamia species.

The plants are dioecious , with a globose or cylindrical stem, rarely dichotomously branched, that may be underground or emergent. Several species produce basal shoots or suckers. The leaves are pinnately compound, straight, and spirally arranged. Leaf bases are usually deciduous but sometimes persistent. The petioles and rachis often have spines, though there may be very few to none. Leaflets are simple, entire, and articulate at the base, with parallel side veins and no distinct central vein. Male cones are cylindrical, upright, hairy, and stalked. Female cones are stalked or sessile, erect, and have short hairs. Seeds are oblong or elliptical, with a fleshy whitish outer coat.

Most species inhabit mountainous areas at 800-1000 m elevation, on sheltered slopes in moist forests. These forests range from tropical rainforests that are always wet, to pine-oak forests with alternating wet and dry seasons. There is a noticeable correlation between characteristics of species and the wetness or dryness of the habitat. Species with broad, thin leaflets live in wet habitats, and species with narrow, thick leaflets live in climates with wet and dry seasons.

No formal classification of the genus currently exists, but studies by researchers have shown that there are two major groups within the genus. The first group contains seven described species. Species in this group have small cones and thin, broad, asymmetrical leaflets that taper gradually toward the base. Species of the second group have cones that are small to large. Leaflets are narrow, thin to thick in texture, symmetrical, and do not taper toward the base. This group contains nine species.

Group 1:
Ceratozamia euryphyllidia
Ceratozamia hildae
Ceratozamia latifolia
Ceratozamia microstrobila
Ceratozamia miqueliana
Ceratozamia morettii
Ceratozamia whitelockiana

Group 2:
Ceratozamia alvarezii
Ceratozamia kuesteriana
Ceratozamia matudae
Ceratozamia mexicana
Ceratozamia mixeorum
Ceratozamia norstogii
Ceratozamia robusta
Ceratozamia sabatoi
Ceratozamia zaragozae

In addition, several species have only been very recently discovered and are not yet formally recognised. These include Ceratozamia mirandai and Ceratozamia zoquensis. There are two described fossil species, Ceratozamia hofmannii and Ceratozamia wrightii, but the former may actually be a monocotyledon. C. wrightii is the first evidence of the genus in the fossil record, with leaf fragments of the species found in Eocene deposits on Kupreanof Island in Alaska. This would support the hypothesis that there was a subtropical climate in northern areas during the Tertiary.